Fall of Constantinople, 1453 |
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On the 29th of May 1453, the Ottoman sultan Muhammad II captured Constantinople, after a siege that lasted about two months. During the siege the last emperor Constantine XI Palaiologos died. Although the Byzantine State had long ceased to be a power to be reckoned with, the symbolic and the emotional appeal of the fall was important, since it formally marked the end of the Eastern Christian Roman Empire as well. |
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After the transfer of the Patriarchate to Fanari (Fener), the district was transformed into the centre of Christian Orthodoxy. Significant schools where founded there, such as the Great School of the Nation, the “Ioakeimeio” All-Girls’ School and the “Marasleio” School, thanks to which the area was perceived as the religious and intellectual centre of Constantinopolitan Hellenism. From the 18th century the exquisite stone mansions of Phanariotes were constructed. The decline for the district... |
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Food supply in Constantinople |
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The alimentation of the population with the necessary quantity of foods is essential for the survival of the residents and the smooth operation of institutions based on which a city is managed. The success or failure of the feed-in process of the city influences every form of social life. In the case of Constantinople, the regular supply of population with food based on which was a matter of enormous importance, as it ensured the smooth operation of the entire empire. |
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Forced migration (sürgün) in Constantinople after the Ottoman conquest |
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The conquest of Constantinople on May 29th 1453 resulted in the captivity of all its inhabitants and the transfer of most of them away from the city. Right after the Fall, Mehmed II the Conqueror began his efforts to revive the city and restore its glory. Consequently, an edict was issued forcing the transportation of Muslim, Christian and Jewish population from other cities within the Ottoman Empire to Constantinople. |
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Foundation of Constantinople, 330 |
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On May 11th 330 the residents of Constantinople and several guests attended a unique celebration for the inauguration of Constantinople or New Rome, the new capital of Constantine. This celebration was the culmination of a forty-days long festival period, which was marked by a demonstration of the imperial generosity, by the issuing of special commemorative coins and by religious rituals,, both Christian and pagan. |
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Freemasons in Constantinople |
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Fringe groups in Ottoman Constantinople (Istanbul) |
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The presentation of “marginal” groups in Istanbul (Constantinople) includes the analysis of delinquent behaviour of several social strata during that time, as well as the analysis of the main beliefs on morals and delinquency. |
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Уместо да ратују против неверника и поново ослободе Христов гроб у Јерусалиму, учесници Четвртог крсташког рата су скренули са свог пута и ненадано се обрели на обалама Босфора. Заузевши Цариград, у априлу 1204. године, срушили су Византијско царство. Неколико извора из пера самих учесника или сведока са византијске (Никита Хонијат) и латинске стране (Жофруа Вилардуен и Роберт од Кларија) подробно описују те драматичне догађаје после којих је сасвим измењена ситуација у југоисточној Европи. |
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У дугој историји Цариграда забележен је велики број пожара: према једном истраживању, у византијској епоси забележено је чак тридесет девет, најранији 388, а последњи велики 1434. године. И пожари су попут земљотреса, комета или помрачења сунца, били схватани као наговештаји великих невоља. Узоран је пример пожара који се десио 1. септембра 465. и који је касније ушао у црквене службе и имао свој годишњи помен. Од византијских писаца и пожарима у Цариграду највише је писао историчар Никита... |
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