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Manuel Holobolos

Συγγραφή : Radic Radivoj (7/10/2003)
Μετάφραση : Nakas Ioannis

Για παραπομπή: Radic Radivoj, "Manuel Holobolos",
Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Κωνσταντινούπολη
URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=7803>
Μανουήλ Ολόβωλος (15/10/2009 v.1) Manuel Holobolos (15/12/2009 v.1) 
 

1. Biography

Manuel Holobolos was born around 1245.1 He is first mentioned in byzantine sources in 1261 as the grammaticos of Michael VIII Palaiologos (1261-1282),2 when he was still young but talented and well-educated. He openly accused Michael VIII when, after his coronation in the recaptured capital, he blinded and dethroned the then co-emperor and legal emperor John IV Laskaris. After his severe punishment which consisted the amputation of his nose and lips, Holobolos retreated to the monastery of St. John Prodromos of Petra in Constantinople, where he became a monk and took the name Maximos.3 During his life as a monk he continued perfecting and widening his education. The fact that he belonged to the small group of Byzantines who knew Latin very well is suggestive.

After spending some years in the convent, Holobolos returned to public life in 1265/1266. During this period he was appointed teacher in the renovated Patriarchal School of Saint Paul, after the intervention of the patriarch of Constantinople Germanos III, who mediated to the emperor Michael VIII.4 Holobolos succeded to this position the prominent Byzantine scholar George Akropolites. He taught grammar, logic and rhetoric in the Patriarchal School and was also nominated orator of the church with the title maistor ton rhetoron. According to a monody dedicated to him by the scholar and relative Georgios Galesiotes, Holobolos continued teaching until the end of his life.5 He died between 1310 and 1314.6

2. Attitude towards the union of the Churches

Holobolos was initially a moderate supporter of the union of the churches. However, when he had to make a public statement, he condemned the pro-union policy. He fell into disgrace in 1273 because of his rigid stance against the emperor. This time he was carried around the streets of Constantinople with a rope around his neck as a punishment. Many years of exile followed. Initially Holobolos entered the monastery of Hyakinthos in Nicaea for a short period of time (summer 1273) and then he moved to the monastery of Megalos Agros on the Sea of Marmara near Kyzicos, where he lived for a whole decade (1273-1283). When Andronikos II Palaiologos ascended to the throne, Holobolos returned to Constantinople and resumed his career. He condemned decisively the supporters of the union in 1283 as well as in the council at Blachernai in 1285. Once again he was appointed maistor ton rhetoron and apparently he was also accorded the title of protosynkellos.7

3. Works

Holobolos was a many-sided author. He wrote commentaries on texts of ancient poets, such as Theokritos, and on Aristotle and translated Boethius from Latin. He also composed answers to riddles, a very popular activity during that period, as well as funerary epigrams and religious poems. The translation of his sermon for the feast of the Annunciation was particularly influential for Slavic ecclesiastic literature of the Middle Ages.8 He wrote encomiastic sermons addressed to emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos, which are an important source for the first years of his reign, although they mostly contain hints for events than actual clues and data. The twenty poems that Holobolos wrote for Michael VIII and Andronikos II on the occasion of the ceremony of the "prokypsis" are closely connected to these homiliae. Holobolos wrote also a catechism on behalf of the patriarch Germanos III. His work is an important chapter in the literature of the Palaiologian era, indicative of the cultural prosperity known by the name "Palaiologan Renaissance".

1. Prosopographisches Lexikon der Palaiologenzeit, IX (Wien 1989), no. 21047, p. 9, does not give a date of his birth, whereas R.J. Macrides, The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, II (New York - Oxford 1991), p. 940, dates it around 1245.

2. Failler, A (ed.), Georges Pachymérès relations historiques, I (Paris 1984), p. 259.

3. Hörandner, W., "Miscellanea epigrammatica", Jahrbuch der Österreichischen Byzantinistik 19 (1970), pp. 116-119.

4. Failler, A (ed.), Georges Pachymérès relations historiques, II (Paris 1984), pp. 369-371. Cf. Mergiali, S., L'enseignement et les lettrés pendant l'époque des Paléologues, 1261-1453 (Αθήναι 1996), pp. 26-29.

5. Κουρούσις, Στ. Ι., «Η πρώτη ηλικία και η πρώιμος σταδιοδρομία του πρωτεκδίκου και είτα σακελλίου της Μεγάλης Εκκλησίας Γεωργίου Γαλησιώτου (1278/80-1357)», Αθηνά 75 (1974/75), pp. 335-374.

6. Macrides, R. J, "Manuel Holobolos", The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium II, Kazhdan, A., (ed.) (Oxford - New York 1991), p. 940.

7. Macrides, R. J., "Manuel Holobolos", The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium II, Kazhdan, A., (ed.) (New York - Oxford 1991), p. 940.

8. Hannick, Ch., Maximos Holobolos in der kirchenslavischen homiletischen Literatur. Wiener Byzantinischen Studien XIV (Wien 1981), pp. 43-55.
     
 
 
 
 
 

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